T
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История любви 

в нарядных гостиных:

как чашка и блюдце обрели друг друга


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У художника Бориса Кустодиева, про работы которого Александр Бенуа писал, что это «русская ярмарка, „глазастые ситцы“, русский посад с гармониками и пряниками», сразу несколько картин посвящены традиции чаепития. Вот на холсте извозчик за чаем, вот купец-сундучник, вот вязанка баранок, а вот чайная пара. В трактирах чайной парой обычно называли два чайника: один побольше ― с крутым кипятком, другой поменьше ― с заваркой. А вот в домах дворян и аристократов чайной парой был изысканный фарфоровый дуэт чашки и блюдца.


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Две эти чайные пары не конкурировали между собой, скорее, каждая жила своей жизнью. Вот только до наших дней добралась одна. Мы решили разобраться, когда чашка и блюдце стали парой, откуда пришли в Россию и как обосновались в дворянских усадьбах и советских квартирах.


Чашка без ручки

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Считается, что первые чайные чашки появились в Китае. Именно в Поднебесной изобрели фарфор, который как нельзя лучше подходил для изготовления легкой изящной посуды. Технологию его производства долгое время хранили в секрете, и лишь в 1710 году в Саксонии была основана Мейсенская мануфактура, где стали делать первый в Европе фарфор.


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Первые чашки, выпущенные в Мейсене, были без ручек. Такие можно увидеть на картине швейцарского живописца Жана-Этьена Лиотара «Чайный сервиз». Европейские мастера копировали китайские образцы, больше похожие на пиалы. А в Поднебесной чашки делали без ручки по нескольким причинам. Во-первых, такая конструкция позволяла почувствовать температуру напитка на ощупь. Во-вторых, во время чайных церемоний всю посуду ставили на поднос. И если бы у чашек были ручки, они занимали бы больше места и не могли храниться в стопке.


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Чашка находит пару


Казалось бы, чашка и блюдце просто созданы друг для друга. Но вместе они были не всегда. Друг друга они обрели во многом благодаря тому, что поначалу у чашек европейских мастеров не было ручки. Такую, да еще и с горячим напитком внутри, было неудобно держать. А вот если поставить на блюдце, становилось намного лучше.


Поначалу главной функцией блюдца была «держательная». Но вскоре к ней прибавилась еще одна ― «остужательная». Горячий напиток, налитый в блюдце, быстрее остывал до комфортной температуры. У французского гравера Луи-Марен Бонне есть работа, на которой изысканная дама как раз переливает напиток из чашки в блюдце.


Кстати, если внимательно рассматривать гравюру, можно заметить, что у ее героини чашка уже с ручкой. Такая ― именно европейское изобретение. Идея пришла в голову дизайнеру все той же мейсенской мануфактуры Иоганну Кендлеру, который сделал ручку элементом украшения чашки. Произошло это в 1731 году. Но, несмотря на то что чашка обзавелась ручкой, разлучать ее с блюдцем уже никто не стал.


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История любви в нарядных гостиных 


С середины XVIII века в моду входит английское чаепитие, причем не только у себя на родине, но и по всей Европе. Правда, красивая церемония была уделом дам и джентльменов, или, иначе говоря, людей обеспеченных. Главной на круглом чайном столике, покрытом белоснежной скатертью, стала чайная пара, а ее «соседями» оказались заварочный чайник, молочник, сахарница и даже этажерка для десертов.


Если в Европе чай было принято пить в пять часов вечера, то в Москве были свои традиции. Самовар кипятили к четырем, и жизнь, как писал в рассказе «Друг семьи» бытописец и москвовед Александр Вьюрков, «на время замирала». Правда, лишь одним чаепитием в день горожане не ограничивались.

«Чай москвичи пили утром, в полдень и обязательно в четыре часа. Пили его вечером, пили, когда взгрустнется, пили и просто так. А главное — с удовольствием»,

― подчеркивал Вьюрков.


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Чайная пара на усадебной веранде и в купеческом саду


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Традицию чаепития в России на рубеже XVIII–XIX веков сформировали два богатейших сословия того времени: дворяне-аристократы и купечество.


Чаепитие «по-купечески» ― это те самые сцены с картин русских художников, например известной «Купчихи за чаем» Бориса Кустодиева. Для героини накрыт стол с самоваром, вареньем, сушками, выпечкой, фруктами и нарезанным сахарным арбузом. Перед ней ― нарядная расписная чашка, а в руке ― блюдце, из которого она пьет. Именно так «гоняли чаи» в старой Москве, в деревянных домиках, спрятавшихся в тихих переулках Замоскворечья. Ведь именно эта часть города считалась самой купеческой.


А вот представители дворянского сословия адаптировали британскую традицию. Чай пили за безукоризненно накрытым столом, из фарфоровой или серебряной чайной пары, часто с молоком. А в теплое время года ― нередко на уютной усадебной террасе. Такое чаепитие в окружении зелени можно увидеть на картине Константина Коровина «За чайным столом». На столе чайный сервиз, а по чашкам уже разлит чай.


Вообще быт дворянского гнезда невозможно было представить без уютных усадебных чаепитий. Именно этот напиток собирал в нарядных гостиных домочадцев и их гостей, именно за чашкой чая обсуждали светские новости, сплетни и французские романы. А во время дворянских приемов статусный и дорогой по тем временам напиток требовал особого «обрамления» ― сервизов из тонкого фарфора с изысканным рисунком.


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Шотландец в Подмосковье и фарфор для императрицы


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«Удовольствовать всю Россию фарфором» повелела Екатерина II и возложила задачу на Императорский фарфоровый завод. Он был основан в 1744 году и стал первым предприятием России по производству художественных фарфоровых изделий. Но далеко не единственным.


Первая частная фарфоровая фабрика в стране появилась в 1754 году. «Мануфактуры Гарднеръ» была детищем осевшего в России шотландца Фрэнсиса Гарднера. Прежде чем открыть свое производство, он много путешествовал по стране в поисках особой глины для производства фарфора. А когда нашел, поставил целью обеспечить империю собственной фарфоровой посудой, наладив ее масштабное производство.


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Фабрика Франца Гарднера располагалась в небольшом селе Вербилки Дмитровского уезда Московской губернии и производила фарфор, не уступавший по качеству европейскому. Славилась фабрика и великолепной скульптурой, украшавшей интерьеры многих богатых домов.


О продукции Фрэнсиса Гарднера существует красивая легенда. Готовясь отмечать именины, Екатерина II приказала своему фавориту князю Потемкину сервировать праздничный стол, который превзошел бы роскошью пиры, описанные в сказках «Тысячи и одной ночи». Потемкин приказ императрицы выполнил. После обеда гостям подали десерт и украсили стол фарфоровыми чашками, доверху наполненными бриллиантами. Императрица была в восторге:

«Спасибо, князь, ты и вправду затмил сказки “Тысячи и одной ночи” блеском золота и роскошью фарфора».

Этот фарфор был приобретен князем Потемкиным на фабрике Франца Гарднера.

Дулевский фарфор для крестьян и господ


Еще одно фарфоровое производство близ Москвы появилось в 1832 году в Дулево. Купец Терентий Кузнецов основал предприятие, которое уже за первые 20 лет существования стало одним из ведущих в России. Свою чайную пару здесь мог найти каждый. Крестьяне ― недорогие, скромно расписанные изделия. Купечество ― фарфор, ярко и броско оформленный. Аристократы ― сервизы, стилизованные под западные образцы. К концу XIX века Кузнецовы создали фарфоровую империю, годовой оборот которой составлял 75% дохода всей российской фарфорово-фаянсовой промышленности.


Создают фарфор в Дулево и сегодня. 

«Работа с фарфором ― это наша работа с 1832 года. Дулевский фарфор сегодня выпускает больше 10 миллионов фарфоровых изделий в год. Что касается чайных пар, то их в Дулево производили с самого основания. Только тогда это было 1,5–2 тысячи изделий, а сегодня ― от 800 тысяч до миллиона»,

― рассказывает председатель производственного кооператива «Дулевский фарфор» Андрей Келлер.


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Фарфоровая мечта советской хозяйки


В советские времена фарфоровый сервиз или хотя бы чайная пара были мечтой многих хозяек. Дуэт со сложным цветочным орнаментом и позолотой, с плотным узором или в горошек ― удачей было достать любой. А после выставлять на стол к приходу гостей, чтобы после чаепития убрать обратно в сервант.


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Фарфор, произведенный в середине прошлого века, уже можно считать антиквариатом. Сегодня он даже продается на аукционах. Так, цены на вазы Дулевского фарфорового завода, расписанные Верой Тодорской в 1970–80-е годы, достигают 600 тысяч рублей, а расписанный вручную там же в 1951 году чайный сервиз предлагают за полмиллиона. Кстати, ручная роспись и в советские времена, и сейчас ценится выше, чем печатный рисунок.


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У художника Бориса Кустодиева, про работы которого Александр Бенуа писал, что это «русская ярмарка, „глазастые ситцы“, русский посад с гармониками и пряниками», сразу несколько картин посвящены традиции чаепития. Вот на холсте извозчик за чаем, вот купец-сундучник, вот вязанка баранок, а вот чайная пара. В трактирах чайной парой обычно называли два чайника: один побольше ― с крутым кипятком, другой поменьше ― с заваркой. А вот в домах дворян и аристократов чайной парой был изысканный фарфоровый дуэт чашки и блюдца.



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Сегодня в Дулево, помимо основного производства, выполняют и спецзаказы. Например, здесь изготовили фарфоровый сервиз «Московское чаепитие» с изображениями знаковых мест столицы. 

«Первая чайная пара как сигнальный экземпляр была выпущена 26 августа 2023 года. А первая партия — к празднованию дня города Москвы 6 сентября. Нам удалось воплотить насыщенный красный цвет. Он, как зеленый и синий, наиболее сложный на фарфоре. А еще мы смогли в рисунке реализовать наиболее узнаваемые виды столицы золотом на красном»,

― рассказал Андрей Келлер. 

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Красно-золотая чайная пара стала символом проекта «Московское чаепитие» и полюбилась и москвичам, и гостям столицы. А еще выпить из нее чаю можно в столичных ресторанах и отелях.  



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История показывает, что чашка и блюдце не разлучались вплоть до конца XX века, пока в моду не вошли большие кружки. Но сегодня они все чаще вновь уступают место чайной паре, тем самым продолжая вековые традиции чаепития.



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